So ...... einmal noch dann ist gut
The goal of this study was to compare the effects of two low calorie diets of similar caloric value, but differing in carbohydrate content. 68 subjects were assigned to one of two groups: a low-carbohydrate group (25% of 1200 total calories) or a high-carbohydrate group (45% of 1200 total calories) for six weeks. The low-carbohydrate group lost an average of 22.5 pounds with 17.9 of those pounds coming from fat. The high-carbohydrate group lost 18.9 pounds with 15.7 pounds coming from fat. Both groups experienced decreases in blood glucose levels, cholesterol, and triglycerides. Insulin levels decreased more markedly in the lower-carbohydrate group compared to the high-carbohydrate group. Authors concluded that neither diet offered a significant advantage when comparing weight loss or other metabolic parameters. However, considering the greater improvements in insulin levels and triglycerides, the low-carbohydrate diet could be more favorable in the long-term.
Reference:
Golay, A., Eigenheer, C., Morel, Y., et al., "Weight-Loss With Low or High Carbohydrate Diet?," International Journal of Obesity, 20(12), 1996, pages 1067-1072
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Annals of Oncology 15:581-584, 2004
© 2004 European Society for Medical Oncology
Original Paper
Glycemic index, glycemic load and risk of gastric cancer
L. S. A. Augustin1,2, S. Gallus3,*, E. Negri3 and C. La Vecchia3,4
1 Servizio di Epidemiologiae Biostatistica, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico, Pordenone, Italy; 2 Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St Michael?s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; 3 Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche ?Mario Negri?, Milan; 4 Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
Received 28 August 2003; accepted 22 December 2003
Background:
Dietary carbohydrates have been directly associated with gastric cancer risk and have been considered general indicators of a poor diet. However, elevated levels of glucose and insulin elicited by consumption of high amounts of refined carbohydrates may stimulate mitogenic and cancer-promoting insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL), which represent indirect measures of dietary insulin demand, were analysed to understand further the association between carbohydrates and gastric cancer.
Patients and methods:
Data were derived from a hospital-based case?control study on gastric cancer, conducted in Italy between 1985 and 1997, including 769 cases with incident, histologically confirmed gastric cancer and 2081 controls admitted to the same hospital network as cases for acute, non-neoplastic diseases. All subjects were interviewed using a reproducible food frequency questionnaire.
Results:
The multivariate odds ratios (OR) for subsequent quartiles of dietary GL were 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.11?1.87], 1.62 (95% CI 1.24?2.12) and 1.94 (95% CI 1.47?2.55). No consistent pattern of risk was seen with GI. The associations were consistent in different strata of age, education and body mass index, and were stronger in women.
Conclusions:
This study supports the hypothesis of a direct association between GL and gastric cancer risk, thus providing an innovative interpretation, linked to excess circulating insulin and related IGFs, for the association between carbohydrates and risk of gastric cancer.
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Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, Mar 2000; 71: 682 - 692.
Both anthropologists and nutritionists have long recognized that the diets of modern-day hunter-gatherers may represent a reference standard for modern human nutrition and a model for defense against certain diseases of affluence. (?)
Our analysis showed that whenever and wherever it was ecologically possible, hunter-gatherers consumed high amounts (45?65% of energy) of animal food. Most (73%) of the worldwide hunter-gatherer societies derived >50% (³56?65% of energy) of their subsistence from animal foods, whereas only 14% of these societies derived >50% (³56?65% of energy) of their subsistence from gathered plant foods.
This high reliance on animal-based foods coupled with the relatively low carbohydrate content of wild plant foods produces universally characteristic macronutrient consumption ratios in which protein is elevated (19?35% of energy) at the expense of carbohydrates (22?40% of energy).
The most plausible (values not exceeding the mean MRUS) percentages of total energy would be 19?35% for dietary protein, 22?40% for carbohydrate, and 28?58% for fat. In the United States, the third National Health and Nutrition Survey showed that among adults aged ³20 y, protein contributed 15.5%, carbohydrate 49.0%, fat 34.0%, and alcohol 3.1% of total energy intake (45). Consequently, the range of percentages of energy for carbohydrate and protein in the diets of most hunter-gatherer societies worldwide (Table 4) falls outside the average value found in Western diets (45) and in recommended healthy diets [15% of energy from protein, 55% from carbohydrate, and 30% from fat (46)]. Our macronutrient projections for worldwide hunter-gatherer diets indicate that these diets would be extremely high in protein (19?35% of energy) and low in carbohydrate (22?40% of energy) by normal Western standards, whereas the fat intake would be comparable or higher (28?58% of energy) than values currently consumed in modern, industrialized societies.
However, the types and balance of fats in hunter-gatherer diets would likely have been considerably different from those found in typical Western diets (47, 48 ).
It should be pointed out that the types of plant and animal foods that together comprise the macronutrient composition of hunter-gatherer diets are substantially different from those commonly consumed by Westernized societies. In the United States, the 1987?1988 National Food Consumption Survey indicated that cereal grains contributed 31%, dairy products 14%, beverages 8%, oils and dressings 4%, and discretionary sugar and candy 4% of the total energy intake for all individuals (49). Virtually none of these foods would have been available to hunter-gatherers (14?16, 47). Cereal grains represent the highest single food item consumed on the basis of energy content in both the United States (49) and the rest of the world (50); however, they were rarely consumed by most hunter-gatherers (37, 47), except as starvation foods or by hunter-gatherers living in arid and marginal environments (37, 51).
Anthropologic and medical studies of hunter-gatherer societies indicate that these people were relatively free of many of the chronic degenerative diseases and disease symptoms (52) that plague modern societies and that this freedom from disease was attributable in part to their diet (14?16, 47, 52). Therefore, macronutrient characteristics of hunter-gatherer diets may provide insight into potentially therapeutic dietary recommendations for contemporary populations.
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und hier noch was längeres ....:
http://www.lowcarbforum.de/wbb2/thread.php?threadid=9733&sid=
ich hab nur kein Bock mehr ....
Schulz jetzt !
