Re: Zitat?
Hi Auge,
die ganzen Studien zu zitieren dauert mir zu lange, ich schicke sie dir gerne, wenn du willst. Mittlerweile gehen Sie ja rum hier wie warme Semmeln. Wenn du sie liest, weißt du warum ;o)
Ich habe dir aus drei Veröffentlichungen wahllos drei Abstracts zusammengepackt, mit Nennung der Autoren, Erscheinungsdatum und Publikationsort.
1. Studie
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (2002) 56, 1049–1071 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0954–3007/02
Glycemic index in chronic disease: a review
LS Augustin, S Franceschi1, DJA Jenkins, CWC Kendall and C La Vecchia
Conclusion
Low-GI diets include foods such as beans, vegetables, pasta, parboiled rice and wholegrain breads and they may have clinical implications in the prevention and management of chronic Western diseases, particularly type 2 diabetes, CHD and possibly cancer. High and low GI diets may be a better
measure for assessing the physiological effects of dietary carbohydrates than the traditional ‘simple’ and ‘complex’ carbohydrate definition. Overall, GL may be a better measure of the association between dietary carbohydrate and disease in epidemiological studies.
The literature suggests that the low-fat=high-carbohydrate diets advocated by health organizations inWestern countries could be further improved by switching from high-GI to low-GI food choices. When introduced ad-libitum in the diet, low-GI foods would often confer an array of advantages with
their low energy density and discrete content of dietary fiber, vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals. Studies looking at dietary (eg carbohydrates) and non-dietary factors (eg diabetes, growth factors) in relation to cancer may suggest an important role of insulin in carcinogenesis. There may be a place for low-GI diets in disease prevention and management particularly in populations characterized by already high incidences of obesity, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance; however, more studies are necessary to confirm the possible role of high glucose and insulin in disease development in order to rule out any possible confounding factor and to better understand potential mechanisms of action.
2. Studie
Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(suppl):274S–80S:
Glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of type 2 diabetes
Walter Willett, JoAnn Manson, and Simin Liu
ABSTRACT The possibility that high, long-term intake of
carbohydrates that are rapidly absorbed as glucose may increase
the risk of type 2 diabetes has been a long-standing controversy.
Two main mechanisms have been hypothesized, one mediated by
increases in insulin resistance and the other by pancreatic exhaustion
as a result of the increased demand for insulin. During the
past decade, several lines of evidence have collectively provided
strong support for a relation between such diets and diabetes incidence.
In animals and in short-term human studies, a high intake
of carbohydrates with a high glycemic index (a relative measure
of the incremental glucose response per gram of carbohydrate)
produced greater insulin resistance than did the intake of lowglycemic-
index carbohydrates. In large prospective epidemiologic
studies, both the glycemic index and the glycemic load (the
glycemic index multiplied by the amount of carbohydrate) of the
overall diet have been associated with a greater risk of type 2 diabetes
in both men and women. Conversely, a higher intake of
cereal fiber has been consistently associated with lower diabetes
risk. In diabetic patients, evidence from medium-term studies
suggests that replacing high-glycemic-index carbohydrates with a
low-glycemic-index forms will improve glycemic control and,
among persons treated with insulin, will reduce hypoglycemic
episodes. These dietary changes, which can be made by replacing
products made with white flour and potatoes with whole-grain,
minimally refined cereal products, have also been associated with
a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and can be an appropriate
component of recommendations for an overall healthy diet.
Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(suppl):274S–80S.
3. Studie:
Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(suppl):266S–73S. :Glycemic index: overview of implications in health and disease
David JA Jenkins, Cyril WC Kendall, Livia SA Augustin, Silvia Franceschi, Maryam Hamidi, Augustine Marchie,
Alexandra L Jenkins, and Mette Axelsen
ABSTRACT The glycemic index concept is an extension of the fiber hypothesis, suggesting that fiber consumption reduces the rate of nutrient influx from the gut. The glycemic index has particular relevance to those chronic Western diseases associated with central obesity and insulin resistance. Early studies showed that starchy carbohydrate foods have very different effects on postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses in healthy and diabetic subjects, depending on the rate of digestion. A range of factors associated with food consumption was later shown to alter the rate of glucose absorption and subsequent glycemia and insulinemia. At this stage, systematic documentation of the differences that exist among carbohydrate foods was considered essential.
The resulting glycemic index classification of foods provided a numeric physiologic classification of relevant carbohydrate foods in the prevention and treatment of diseases such as diabetes. Since then, low-glycemic-index diets have been shown to lower urinary C-peptide excretion in healthy subjects, improve glycemic control in diabetic subjects, and reduce serum lipids in hyperlipidemic subjects. Furthermore, consumption of low-glycemicindex diets has been associated with higher HDL-cholesterol concentrations and, in large cohort studies, with decreased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Case-control studies have also shown positive associations between dietary glycemic index and the risk of colon and breast cancers. Despite inconsistencies in the data, sufficient, positive findings have emerged to suggest that the dietary glycemic index is of potential importance in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76(suppl):266S–73S. of many of the issues that were raised after the formulation of both concepts further defined possible preventive and therapeutic roles for the glycemic index classification of foods. The necessary research in this area was greatly facilitated by the compilation of comprehensive glycemic index food tables (6).
Gruß Ingo