One key thing to remember with rep ranges is that they're a sliding scale. "3x5 is strength but 3x6 is hypertrophy" is general silliness in my view. I mean, they're 1 rep per set apart, they aren't going to have vastly different outcomes. I actually think that people misunderstand strength when they say that one rep range trains it and another doesn't. Let's be realistic, if I can squat 10x100kg today, and a month from now I can squat 10x110kg, I'm stronger. In the real extreme, if my 1RM squat is 150kg and I can consequently do widowmakers (20 rep squats) at 90kg, and then I spend a year strictly doing widowmakers (or repeating the same weight until I can do it for 20 reps), and get my widowmaker up to 150kg, there is no doubt in the world that my 1RM squat is going to be above 150kg. It may not be as high as if I'd trained specifically for it, but it's definitely going to have improved. And I'll have more muscle mass to accommodate that higher weight, too. So, that's strict "endurance" training, having caused hypertrophy and having elevated max strength. In the same way, max strength training improves endurance, although not as directly or effectively as endurance training. If my 1RM today is 80kg and in 12 months it's 150kg, I will definitely be able to do 80kg for more than 1 rep, although perhaps not for as many reps as if I'd focused on endurance training.
All of that is to say that the premise of the question is wrong.
I will note that you can train the same lifts/muscle groups multiple days in a row. Whether or not you should is a different matter and there are far too many variables to give a distinct yea or nay, but it can be done -- and productively -- in the right circumstances. There are 3 very basic training variables: volume, intensity and frequency. Most people can progress fairly well as beginners with a moderate dose of all of the above (in fact, most beginners can't handle high volume or high intensity, and lack the discipline to properly benefit from high frequency, so a moderate dose is often the best thing for a beginner). At an intermediate level, most people can handle 1 of the above being high and 2 being moderate, or 2 being high and 1 being low, while having all 3 at high will typically result in burnout, and having all 3 at low or moderate will typically result in under-training. High frequency training is not something that's often looked at from a bodybuilding perspective, however it does have it's place in the strength sports, and is often used by Olympic weightlifters across a variety of methods. There's the Bulgarian lifters, who, IIRC, pretty much just snatch, clean, jerk, and front squat or back squat up to a daily max (noting that accumulating fatigue from session to session will mean that today's max may be lower than yesterday's max), then deload by stripping back the volume for a couple of weeks and letting a great big wave of super-compensation carry them into gainsville before starting the brutal self-hate all over again. So it certainly can be done, however it may not be ideal for your goals, and it takes lots of time to build up that weekly work capacity.
RPE is another thing to consider. This is another measure of intensity, but instead of measuring intensity by %1RM, you're measuring intensity by how close you come to failure, with an RPE of 1/10 being the amount of exertion required to lie in a coma, 10/10 being an absolute rep-max, 9/10 being 1 rep left in the tank, 8/10 being a couple reps left, and 7/10 being light enough that you could get fairly high bar speed on the final rep (if you choose to). You can read more about that by looking up RTS (reactive training systems), although RPE has been around for much longer than RTS. The more frequently you train, the more you'll want to play around with RPE. If you were to train the same lifts 5 days a week, it might play out like this throughout the week (day:RPE): 1:10, 2:6, 3:8, 4:5, 5:9. That's two heavy days, one moderate day, and two light days. The light days allow you to get more practice, without increasing fatigue much (and possibly causing active recovery). How much skill development you need will often have a say on how often you train. The more technical the training, the more skill is required, and skill is developed through constant practice, although that practice doesn't always have to be intense.
It's generally considered that for hypertrophy, it's more important to hit a muscle hard than it is to hit it often. This is probably increasingly true as a lifter progresses, needing greater stimulus to provide results, and needing greater recovery to make use of that stimulus. There's always discussion over how long that rest should be. Again, you could train the same muscles/lifts most days of the week, although that may not be so great for hypertrophy purposes. It's generally recommended that beginners and intermediates train the same muscles/movements 2-3 times a week, with 1-2 days recovery between sessions. From what I hear, the whole once a week 5-day split program design has its origins in anabolic steroids, which (supposedly) increase the amount of time a muscle can spend growing after a stimulus. Apparently, after a couple days, without steroids your muscles will be done growing, and will thus not be doing anything until stimulated for growth again. On the other hand, providing the same stimulus twice or three times a week does not appear to provide two or three times the mass.
All in all, I hope that something I've written here has been insightful, or at least bears some semblence of accuracy; if not, enjoy my otherwise inane waffling.
